There was a trend for offspring from dams that were usually em N. /em seropositive were also more likely to be em N. caninum /em seropositive whatever the herd seroprevalence (Physique ?(Figure22). Open in a separate window Physique 2 The proportion of offspring em N. caninum /em seropositive by age at screening, dam em N. caninum /em status and herd mean seroprevalence 10% or 10%, 95% confidence intervals included (Dataset A C 29,782 samples, 15,736 cattle, 114 herds, all cattle for the whole 4-year study period). Squares symbolize dam usually positive in herd with imply seroprevalence 10%, crosses symbolize dam usually positive in herd with imply seroprevalence 10%, dots symbolize dam usually unfavorable in herd with imply seroprevalence 10% and triangles symbolize dam usually unfavorable in herd with imply seroprevalence 10%. There was also a pattern that offspring given birth to to seropositive dams were more likely to be seropositive as age at sampling increased, especially after 4 years of age (Physique ?(Figure2).2). This was also observed in offspring given birth to to seronegative dams in herds with a mean herd em N. caninum /em seroprevalence 10% but not for offspring given birth to to seronegative dams in herds with a imply seroprevalence 10%. There was also a significant statistical difference between the median em N. caninum /em S/P ratio in all calves given birth to from dams 5 years of age compared with those given birth to to dams 5 years of age regardless of herd seroprevalence or dam status ( em T /em = 8, em P /em 0.05, Wilcoxon’s test for matched pairs), with the calves given birth to from dams 5 years of age having a higher median S/P ratio. Using Dataset B, the imply S/P ratio were visually (but not significantly) lower during the first five months of pregnancy (first trimester) then rose during late pregnancy in dams that were seropositive before calving. This pattern was not observed in pregnant dams that were seronegative to em N. caninum /em before calving. Age-related em N. caninum /em seroprevalence and seroconversion In herds with a mean em N. caninum /em seroprevalence 10%, there was an increase in seroprevalence between 2 and 4 years of age. The seroprevalence of antibodies against em N. caninum /em did not increase with age LY278584 in herds with a mean em N. caninum /em seroprevalence 10%, where there was a constant seroprevalence of approximately 5% (Physique ?(Figure3).3). In total, there were 235 cattle which experienced tested positive when 3 years of age that had been sampled when 3 years of age. Of these, 84 cattle usually tested unfavorable until they were 3 years of age, indicating possible horizontal transmission, rather than recrudescence. A further 25 of the 235 cattle tested both negative and positive, and 126 cattle usually tested positive when 3 years of age. Open in a separate window Physique 3 Age-specific em N. caninum /em antibody seroprevalence for cattle 2 years of age sampled at the three routine herd visits (Dataset B C 26,437 samples, 13,942 cattle, 114 herds, only cattle 2 years aged for regular visits in the 4-12 months study period) by herd seroprevalence to em N. caninum /em 10% and 10%. Squares symbolize cattle from herds with a imply seroprevalence 10% and triangles symbolize cattle from herds with a imply seroprevalence 10%. Univariate analysis Results from the univariate analysis are offered in Table ?Table3.3. Farm location, age and purchased cattle LY278584 were significantly related to the S/P ratio. Cattle origin contained the majority of missing data, when all cattle with missing data were excluded from your univariate analysis there was no evidence that this missing data was related to any of the remaining variables, therefore was random for the outcome. Table 3 Univariate analysis of the fixed effects associated with em N. caninum /em antibody S/P ratio, (Dataset B C DSTN 26,437 samples, 13,942 cattle, 114 herds, only cattle 2 years aged for regular visits in the 4-12 months study period). thead All dataCattle with date of birth omitted data /thead VariableCategoryCoefSEbP valueCoefSEbP value hr / Triplet code em a /em ReactiveProactive-0.1220.0510.02-0.0840.0490.09Survey-0.0970.0510.06-0.0740.0490.13RestockedNoYes-0.0430.0520.41-0.0260.0500.60Farm locationArea AArea B-0.1530.045 0.01-0.1360.043 0.01Area C-0.0860.0760.26-0.0350.0740.64Log LY278584 (herd size)-0.0850.0590.15-0.0790.0590.18Cattle sexFemaleMale-0.0750.0520.15-0.0650.0560.25Replacement cattleHomebredPurchased0.0780.018 0.010.0780.018 0.01Mean herd seroprevalence 10% 10%0.2940.031 0.010.2740.030 0.01Age (years)230.0220.014 0.010.0210.0140.1340.0470.014 0.010.0450.014 0.0150.0650.015 0.010.0630.015 0.0160.0830.016 0.010.0770.016 0.0170.0920.017 0.010.0800.018 0.0180.1000.019 0.010.0790.021 0.0190.1020.021 0.010.0650.0320.03 100.0810.022 0.010.0780.1090.47 Open in a separate window aPart of the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) in the south west region with three treatments C reactive proactive or no culling of badgers (survey only) b Standard Error Multivariable modelling There were 13,595 samples (level 1), from 6,952 cattle (level 2) in 57 herds LY278584 (level 3) included in the model of herds with seroprevalence 10%. There was.